AUTOMATIC WIRELESS HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM IN HOSPITALS FOR PATIENTS

In this project, a wireless communication system is designed and developed for remote patient monitoring. The primary function of this system is to monitor the temperature of a patient’s body, and display the same to the doctor through RF communication.

In hospitals, where patient’s body temperature needs to be constantly monitored, is usually done by a doctor or other paramedical staff by constantly observing the temperature and maintaining a record of it. It is a very tedious method. In this proposed system transmitting module continuously reads patient’s body temperature through a digital temperature sensor, displays it on the LCD screen and sends it to the microcontroller which transmits the encoded serial data over the air by RF (radio frequency) through an RF module. At the receiving end, a receiver is used to receive the data, decode it and feed it to another microcontroller which is then displayed on an LCD screen. The receiver module is kept in the doctor’s chamber to continuously display the patient’s body temperature wirelessly.

This project can be further enhanced by sensing and displaying other vital statistics of a patient like blood pressure, pulse rate etc. Another feature can be added where a warning signal is generated if the parameters cross the safe limit.

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RF Based

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RFID CONCEPT BASED PAID CAR PARKING

 RFID based car parking uses a microcontroller along with sensing circuits monitoring entry and exit of cars. The car owners are allowed an entry only when their RFID card is swiped .The amount in the card automatically gets reduced with a display indication besides indicating the available number of parking. For loading the amount 2 push buttons are used SW1 for Rs500 and SW2 for 300.Example is shown for 2 cards but it can be extended to many numbers. An H-bridge arrangement operates the entry and exit boom motors operating clockwise and anticlockwise for opening and closing.

 A buzzer sound comes while the card is swiped. Upon every entry of a car the parking availability gets reduced by one number while every exit the number increases. A standard power supply is used. A seven segment display displays the status. A switch is used in place of RFID for minimizing the project cost.

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RFID SECURITY ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

The main objective of this project is to provide security in an organization by allowing only the authorized personnel to access the secure area. The security of any organization is a priority for the authorities. The concern is for the physical property and also for the intellectual property. For this reason only the authorized person with a valid RFID tag is allowed into the secured premises.

This tag contains an integrated circuit that is used for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating the radio frequency signal that is being transmitted. Thus, once the person shows the RFID tag to the card reader it scans the data present in the tag and compares it with the data present in the microcontroller. When the data matches with that in the microcontroller, the load will be turned ON which is operated by a relay being driven from the output of the microcontroller.

 If a valid tag is swiped then the system displays a message “AUTHORIZED” else it states “UNAUTHORIZED” and doesn’t allow access. A lamp is used as an indication besides the LCD display.  This project can be further enhanced by interfacing it with GSM technology. Any attempt for unauthorized access can be intimated to the security personnel through an SMS. It can also be interfaced with a finger print module to reduce the drawback of RFID system i.e. exchanging RFID tags.

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RFID BASED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

The main objective of this project is to record the attendance of students using RFID tags. Each student is provided with his/her authorized tag to swipe over the reader to record their attendance.

In classrooms, time is wasted in roll calls as it is done manually. In this proposed system, authorized student is given an RFID tag. This tag contains an integrated in built circuit that is used for storing, processing information through modulating and demodulating of the radio frequency signal that is being transmitted. Thus, the data stored in this card is referred as the identification/attendance of the person. Once the student places the card in front of the RFID card reader, it reads the data and verifies it with the data stored in the microcontroller from 8051 family. If the data matches, then it displays a message on the LCD confirming the entry of that student else displays a message denying the attendance. The status of a student’s attendance can be retrieved from this system by pressing the status button interfaced to the microcontroller. Hence, a lot of time is saved as all the students attendance is directly stored in the data base.

The project can be further enhanced by adding features like sending an SMS of the daily attendance of students to their parents. It can also be enhanced by using a finger print module in place of RFID module that has certain drawbacks of tags be misused.

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RFID BASED PASSPORT DETAILS

The main functionality of this project is to access the passport details of a passport holder through RFID technology. For this purpose the authorized person is given an RFID card. This card contains an integrated circuit that is used for storing, processing information through modulating and demodulating of the radio frequency signal that is being transmitted. Thus, the data stored in this card is referred as the passport details of the person.

Passport verification and checking is a very time consuming process. This proposed system simplifies the process by giving the authorized person an RFID tag containing all the passport details like name, passport number and nationality etc. Once, the person places the card in front of the RFID card reader, it reads the data and verifies it with that data present in the system and if it matches then it displays the details of the passport holder. Here we use microcontroller from 8051 family. For display a 16X2 LCD is used. The status also can be retrieved from this system by pressing the status button interfaced to a microcontroller.

Further the project can be enhanced by using finger printer module. This overcomes the drawbacks of RFID and provides high level of security in the system.

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WIRELESS ELECTRONIC NOTICE BOARD USING GSM

Notice Board is primary thing in any institution / organization or public utility places like bus stations, railway stations and parks. But sticking various notices day-to-day is a difficult process. This project deals with an advanced wireless notice board.

The main objective of this project is to develop a wireless notice board that displays messages sent from the user’s mobile. When a user sends a message from his mobile phone, it is received by a SIM loaded GSM modem at the receiver unit. The GSM modem is duly interfaced through level shifter IC for establishing RS232 communication protocol to the microcontroller. The message so received is thus sent to the microcontroller that further displays it on electronic notice board which is equipped with a LCD display interfaced to a microcontroller from 8051 family duly powered by a regulated power supply from mains supply of 230 volt ac.

Further development to this project can be done by providing message storage facility by non-volatile memory i.e. EEPROM attached to the microcontroller for retrieval of old messages if required. It can also be expanded to a bigger LCD screen.

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RAILWAY TRACK SECURITY SYSTEM

The project is designed to detect a crack, if any, on the railway track and alert the respective railway department. This is to avoid rail accidents by using latest communication technologies. In this project GSM communication protocols are used to convey the message of crack detection via SMS.

This project uses a microcontroller from 8051 family. The primary objective of this project is to detect the crack in the railway track and alert the nearby station through effective and highly reliable communication mode. To demonstrate this project, two rails forming the part of a track are made using a pair of wire which is connected with a detachable jumper in between each wire/track. Removing the detachable jumper creates a fault in the respective track; otherwise it is generally shorted by the jumper wire to simulate healthy track condition. Removing the jumpers result in driving transistors delivering a different logic to the controller. The program thereafter takes over to send an SMS through GSM modem interfaced through a level shifter IC to the microcontroller. An LCD is also interfaced to the MC to display the status of GSM and track condition.

Thus the proposed model is designed to recognize the cracks in the railway tracks and provides instant information to the concerned railway authorities. The power supply consists of a step down transformer 230/12V, which steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is converted to DC using a Bridge rectifier. The ripples are removed using a capacitive filter and it is then regulated to +5V using a voltage regulator 7805 which is required for the operation of the microcontroller and other components.

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GSM BASED ENERGY METER READING WITH LOAD CONTROL

The main objective of the project is to develop a GSM based energy meter reading system and load control through SMS. Electricity department sends employees to take meter reading every month, which is an expensive and time consuming job. The proposed project provides a convenient and efficient method to avoid this problem. The electricity department and the user can get the readings of the energy meter of consumers via SMS. The loads can also be controlled by the user of this system via SMS using this project.

A microcontroller input is effectively interfaced to a digital energy meter that takes the reading from the energy meter and displays the same on an LCD. The reading of the energy meter is also sent to the control room by an SMS via SIM loaded GSM modem. This GSM modem can also receive commands from the cell phone to control the owner’s electrical loads. It uses a standard digital energy meter that delivers output pulses to the microcontroller to perform counting for necessary action. On receiving command it can switch ON/OFF the loads.

Further this project can be interfaced with a non volatile memory IC like EEPROM along with a keypad so that the user the change the mobile number as per the requirement.

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INTEGRATED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BASED ON GSM PROTOCOL WITH ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FEATURE

The main objective of this project is to develop a device that controls the home appliances through SMS with integrated acknowledgement feature. Unlike the conventional system present in houses, where one has to manually switch on and off the appliances. The proposed system allows the owner of the house to control the appliances by just sending an SMS to the device and then also receiving the status of the same via return SMS.

This is extremely convenient for users as they can control their house loads any time and from any place in the world. An example of how this technology can make our lives better is that when a person is travelling and wishes that the moment he enters his room, it should be cool enough to make him comfortable. In such a case, with the help of this system, he can switch on the AC while he is travelling. An SMS is sent to the GSM modem which is interfaced to the microcontroller. The modem receives the message and sends the command to the microcontroller which processes this and initiates a mechanism that activates a relay to control the corresponding home appliance.

An added feature of this system is that the owner can get the status of all the loads (whether on or off) in the house by sending a status query SMS to the base station. All the status can also be seen on an LCD display interfaced to the microcontroller.

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FLASH FLOOD INTIMATION OVER GSM NETWORK

The main objective of this project is to detect rising water level in a river at a reasonable distance from the rail track/ roadways and intimate that to the respective authorities through SMS, to take appropriate action.

For example, railways face major challenges in prior detection of possible flash flood along the track, which might cause accidents. In this proposed system, water level rise is sensed at a considerable distance from the tracks and necessary action is initiated. Thus, many lives and properties can be saved by this warning system.

In this project a water sensing arrangement is made which is interfaced to a programmable microcontroller. During flash flood conditions if the device senses a rise in water level beyond a danger mark at a considerable distance from railway tracks, it will alert the station master via SMS. Hence, train services of that route can be detained to prevent accidents. An LCD display is also attached to indicate the status.

This project in future can be enhanced by adding a feature of changing the stored phone number by the user as per his requirement. This can be achieved by interfacing an EEPROM along with a keypad to the microcontroller for storing the desired contact number.

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RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING GATE CONTROL THROUGH SMS BY THE STATION MASTER OR THE DRIVER

The project is designed to achieve control over the railway level crossing gate through SMS sent by the station master or driver. Opening and closing of railway level crossing involves manpower, which could be often erroneous leading to accidents. The proposed system rules out the need of any human involvement at the railway level crossing. This system involves opening and closing of the level crossing gate with help of an SMS.

A GSM modem is interfaced with the system. When the driver or station master sends an SMS “close” (when the train is approaching at the level crossing) to the modem then the microcontroller interfaced to the modem sends an output signal which activates a mechanism to switch on the motor to close the gate. To open the gate, another SMS “open” needs to be sent for the microcontroller to open the gate with help of motor driver IC. In this project we use a microcontroller of 8051 family, and the input to it is a GSM modem which receives the SMS from the user. The output to microcontroller is given to a motor through a motor driver IC for required operation. The status, whether the gate is open / close is displayed on an LCD display interfaced to the microcontroller.

Further the project can be enhanced by sending an acknowledgement to the sender about the status of the gate via SMS.

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GSM BASED MONTHLY ENERGY METER BILLING VIA SMS

The project is designed for reading electrical energy consumed in units and in rupees to display on an LCD screen to the user. This data is also provided to the electrical department using GSM technology for billing purposes. Owing to high electricity cost these days it becomes necessary for the consumer to know as to how much electricity is consumed to control electricity bill within his budget. In this proposed system, the consumer will get his energy consumption data on real time basis on a LCD display. The same data is sent through GSM modem to the electricity department via SMS.

A microcontroller of 8051 family is interfaced to the energy meter to get the Watt Hour pulses. The microcontroller then processes these pulses according the program written in it, to calculate the units consumed and cost involved.

Further it gives command to the SIM loaded GSM modem for sending the data to the electricity department via SMS. Further this project can be enhanced by to control the electrical appliances remotely via SMS. Also, the electricity department can send the monthly bill amount over SMS to the receiving unit for consumer information.

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THEFT INTIMATION OF THE VEHICLE OVER SMS TO OWNER WHO CAN STOP THE ENGINE REMOTELY

The aim of this project is to use wireless technology to intimate the owner of the vehicle about any unauthorized entry. This is done by sending an auto-generated SMS to the owner. An added advantage of this project is that the owner can send back the SMS which will disable the ignition of the vehicle.

As the crime rate is going up, security system for vehicles is extremely essential. In this proposed system if someone tries to steal the car, the microcontroller gets an interrupt through a switch mechanism connected to the system and commands the GSM modem to send an SMS. The owner receives the SMS that his car is stolen. He can then send back an SMS to the GSM modem to ‘stop the engine’. The GSM modem interfaced to the microcontroller, receives the message, the output of which activates a mechanism that disables the ignition of the vehicle resulting in stopping the vehicle. The project uses a lamp to indicate the engine ON/OFF condition.

Thus, owner of the vehicle from anywhere can switch off ignition of his car. This project can be further enhanced by integrating a GPS system, which will give exact position of the vehicle in terms of its latitude and longitude. Further this data can be sent to the owner via SMS who can enter this value on Google maps to get the exact location of the vehicle.

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RFID BASED DEVICE CONTROL AND AUTHENTICATION USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER

The main objective of this project is to provide security in an organization by allowing only the authorized personnel to access the secure area.

The security of any organization is a priority for the authorities. The concern is for the physical property and also for the intellectual property. For this reason only the authorized person with a valid RFID tag is allowed into the secured premises.

This tag contains an integrated circuit that is used for storing and processing information and modulating, demodulating the radio frequency signal that is being transmitted. Thus, once the person shows the RFID tag to the card reader it scans the data present in the tag and compares it with the data present in the system. When the data matches with that in the microcontroller, the load will be turned ON which is driven by a relay and it displays a message and ldquo;AUTHORIZED and rdquo; else states “UNAUTHORIZED” and doesn’t allow access.

This project can be further enhanced by interfacing it with GSM technology. Any attempt for unauthorized access can be intimated to the security personnel through an SMS.

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GSM BASED ENERGY METER READING WITH LOAD CONTROL

The main objective of the project is to develop a GSM based energy meter reading system and load control through SMS. Electricity department sends employees to take meter reading every month, which is an expensive and time consuming job. The proposed project provides a convenient and efficient method to avoid this problem. The electricity department and the user can get the readings of the energy meter of consumers via SMS. The loads can also be controlled by the user of this system via SMS using this project.

A microcontroller input is effectively interfaced to a digital energy meter that takes the reading from the energy meter and displays the same on an LCD. The reading of the energy meter is also sent to the control room by an SMS via SIM loaded GSM modem. This GSM modem can also receive commands from the cell phone to control the owner’s electrical loads. It uses a standard digital energy meter that delivers output pulses to the microcontroller to perform counting for necessary action. On receiving command it can switch ON/OFF the loads.

Further this project can be interfaced with a non volatile memory IC like EEPROM along with a keypad so that the user the change the mobile number as per the requirement.

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POWER SAVER FOR INDUSTRIES & COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS

The project is designed to reduce the power loss in industries by power factor compensation through a number of shunt capacitors. This results in reduction in amount of electrical bill for industries and commercial establishments.

Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. This definition is often mathematically represented as KW/KVA, where the numerator is the active (real) power and the denominator is the (active + reactive) or apparent power. Reactive power is the non working power generated by the magnetic and inductive loads, to generate magnetic flux. The increase in reactive power increases the apparent power, so the power factor also decreases. Having low power factor, the industry needs more energy to meet its demand, so the efficiency decreases.

In this proposed system the time lag between the zero voltage pulse and zero current pulse duly generated by suitable operational amplifier circuits in comparator mode are fed to two interrupt pins of the microcontroller. Microcontroller displays the power loss due to the inductive load on the LCD. The program takes over to actuate appropriate number of relays at its output to bring shunt capacitors into the load circuit to get zero power loss. The 8 bit microcontroller used in the project belongs to 8051 family.

Further the project can be enhanced by using thyristor control switches instead of relay control to avoid contact pitting often encountered by switching of capacitors due to high in rush current.

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PROGRAMABLE ENERGY METER FOR ELECTRICAL LOAD SURVEY

The project is designed to evaluate consumption of any load in units and cost in rupees as per the energy tariff and the number of hours the load is going to be used. The evaluation is almost instantaneous thus assisting the user to save hours of waiting time for the load survey.

An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy consumption with possible conservation in domestic sector or industrial environment etc. As unit cost of electricity is very high these days it is essential to know if a particular device or instrument is energy efficient or not. This system proposes an energy auditing system for the instruments where the microcontroller calculates the units that will be consumed by the loads and the rupees that will be spent on it. The input data i.e. energy tariff and number of hours the load is likely to be used, is given by the user through push button switches. The relevant information is displayed on an LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in the project is of 8051 family.

Further the project can be enhanced by using a GSM modem interfaced to the device for remote monitoring of these data over GSM network via SMS. Even load control can also be achieved over SMS.

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MINIMISING PENALITY IN INDUSTRIAL POWER CONSUMPTION BY ENGAGING APFC UNIT

The project is designed to minimize penalty for industrial units by using automatic power factor correction unit. Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. This definition is often mathematically represented as KW/KVA, where the numerator is the active (real) power and the denominator is the (active + reactive) or apparent power. Reactive power is the non working power generated by the magnetic and inductive loads, to generate magnetic flux. The increase in reactive power increases the apparent power, so the power factor also decreases. Having low power factor, the industry needs more energy to meet its demand, so the efficiency decreases.

In this proposed system the time lag between the zero voltage pulse and zero current pulse duly generated by suitable operational amplifier circuits in comparator mode are fed to two interrupt pins of the microcontroller. It displays the time lag between the current and voltage on an LCD. The program takes over to actuate appropriate number of relays from its output to bring shunt capacitors into the load circuit to get the power factor till it reaches near unity. The microcontroller used in the project belongs to 8051 family.

Further the project can be enhanced by using thyristor control switches instead of relay control to avoid contact pitting often encountered by switching of capacitors due to high in rush current.

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GSM BASED ENERGY METER READING WITH LOAD CONTROL USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER

The main objective of the project is to develop a GSM based energy meter reading system and load control through SMS. Electricity department sends employees to take meter reading every month, which is an expensive and time consuming job. The proposed project provides a convenient and efficient method to avoid this problem. The electricity department and the user can get the readings of the energy meter of consumers via SMS. The loads can also be controlled by the user of this system via SMS using this project.

A microcontroller input is effectively interfaced to a digital energy meter that takes the reading from the energy meter and displays the same on an LCD. The reading of the energy meter is also sent to the control room by an SMS via SIM loaded GSM modem. This GSM modem can also receive commands from the cell phone to control the owner’s electrical loads. It uses a standard digital energy meter that delivers output pulses to the microcontroller to perform counting for necessary action. On receiving command it can switch ON/OFF the loads.

Further this project can be interfaced with a non volatile memory IC like EEPROM along with a keypad so that the user the change the mobile number as per the requirement.

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SOLAR POWERED AUTO IRRIGATION SYSTEM

In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important because the main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. Another very important reason of this is due to unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes waste. For this purpose; we use this automatic plant irrigation system. The system derives power from solar energy through photo-voltaic cells. Hence, dependency on erratic commercial power is not required.

In this project we use solar energy which is used to operate the irrigation pump. The circuit comprises of sensor parts built using op-amp IC. Op-amp’s are configured here as a comparator. Two stiff copper wires are inserted in the soil to sense whether the soil is wet or dry. A microcontroller is used to control the whole system by monitoring the sensors and when sensors sense dry condition of soil, then the microcontroller will send command to relay driver IC the contacts of which are used to switch on the motor and it will switch off the motor when the soil is in wet condition. The microcontroller does the above job as it receives the signal from the sensors through the output of the comparator, and these signals operate under the control of software which is stored in ROM of the microcontroller. The condition of the pump i.e., ON/OFF is displayed on a 16X2 LCD which is interfaced to the microcontroller.

Further the project can be enhanced by interfacing it with a GSM modem to gain control over the switching operation of the motor.

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PC BASED ELECTRICAL LOAD CONTROL

The aim of this project is to control the electrical appliances through a personal computer (PC). For example, theatre lighting can be centrally controlled form the PC for better stage management. Presently, they are manually managed which makes it difficult to coordinate the lighting with the respective scene. With this system, one can control the electrical appliances ON/OFF by just being seated at one place using a PC.

This system is integrated with the electrical loads and also connected to the PC where centralized control takes place. It uses an RS-232 protocol from the microcontroller to communicate with the PC. To turn on/off the appliances, we use Hyper Terminal on PC. Once the connection is established with the PC, then the system starts working. The microcontroller used in this project belongs to 8051 family.

This project can be further enhanced by implementing a GUI based control panel on the PC with appropriate embedded software. The intensity control can also be incorporated using power electronics devices. Note: The project works only on operating systems having hyper terminal (E.g. Windows XP). The computer must have a RS232 serial port.

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ULTRA FAST ACTING ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT BREAKER

The project is designed to shut down the power supply when it is overloaded. Conventional circuit breaker like MCB based is on thermal bimetal lever trip mechanism. It is very slow and the trip time is dependent upon the percentage of overload. This project senses the current passing through a series element and the corresponding voltage drop is compared against the preset voltage proportional to the current by a level comparator to generate an output for the load to trip.

The concept of electronic circuit breaker came into focus realizing that conventional circuit breakers such as MCBs take longer time to trip. Therefore, for sensitive loads it is very important to activate the tripping mechanism at the shortest possible time, preferably instantaneously. This project is demonstrates fast tripping mechanism as against the slow one like MCB. Electronic circuit breaker is based on the voltage drop across a series element proportional to the load current, typically a low value resistor. This voltage is sensed and rectified to DC which is and then compared with a preset voltage by a level comparator to generate an output that drives a relay through a MOSFET to trip the load. The unit is extremely fast and overcomes the drawback of the thermal type. It uses a microcontroller from 8051 family.

Further the project can be enhanced by using a CT for galvanic isolation between mains and control circuit. Power electronic devices such as thyristors / IGBTs can be used for ultra fast operation compared to all the methods.

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DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING FREQUENCY OR VOLTAGE BEYOND ACCEPTABLE RANGE

The project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and voltage.

There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal, solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.

This system is based on a microcontroller of 8051 family. The microcontroller monitors the under/over voltage being derived from a set of comparators. As the frequency of the mains supply cannot be changed, the project uses a variable frequency generator (555-timer) for changing the frequency, while a standard variac is used to vary the input voltage to test the functioning of the project. A lamp load (indicating a predictable blackout, brownout) being driven from the microcontroller in case of voltage/frequency going out of acceptable range.

Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices to isolate the grid from the erring supply source by sensing cycle by cycle deviation for more sophisticated means of detection.

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UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT DISTANCE LOCATOR

The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. The underground cable system is a common practice followed in many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault.

The project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to an ADC to develop precise digital data which the programmed microcontroller of 8051 family would display in kilometers.

The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in KM’s and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase is displayed on a LCD interfaced to the microcontroller.

Further this project can be enhanced by using capacitor in an ac circuit to measure the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable, unlike the short circuited fault only using resistors in DC circuit as followed in the above proposed project.

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SOLAR POWERED LED STREET LIGHT WITH AUTO INTENSITY CONTROL

The project is designed for LED based street lights with auto intensity control using solar power from photovoltaic cells. As awareness for solar energy is increasing, more and more individuals and institutions are opting for solar energy. Photovoltaic panels are used for charging batteries by converting the sunlight into electricity. A charge controller circuit is used to control the charging.

Intensity of street lights is required to be kept high during the peak hours. As the traffic on the roads tends to decrease slowly in late nights, the intensity can be reduced progressively till morning to save energy. Thus, the street lights switch ON at the dusk and then switch OFF at the dawn automatically. The process repeats every day.

High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID) used for urban street light are based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not controllable by any voltage reduction method as the discharge path is broken. LED lights are the future of lighting, because of their low energy consumption and long life they are fast replacing conventional lights world over. White Light Emitting Diode (LED) can replace the HID lamps where intensity control is possible by pulse width modulation. The intensity control helps in saving energy during late nights while traffic density on the streets is low. A programmable microcontroller of 8051 family is engaged to provide different intensities at the different times of night using PWM technique, for energy saving for solar based system, using a charge controller for battery charging, overload and deep discharge protection.

Further the project can be enhanced by using time programmed dusk to dawn switching based on latitude and longitude of a specific place. It can also be interfaced to a LDR to follow the switching operation precisely.

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WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires. Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery. The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.

This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt. Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.

Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated. This concept is an Emerging Technology, and in future the distance of power transfer can be enhanced as the research across the world is still going on.

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SOLAR POWER CHARGE CONTROLLER

The solar energy is converted to electrical energy by photo-voltaic cells. This energy is stored in batteries during day time for utilizing the same during night time. This project deals with a controlled charging mechanism which over charge, deep discharge and under voltage of the battery.

In this project a solar panel is used to charge a battery. A set of op-amps are used as comparators to continuously monitor panel voltage, load current etc. Indications are also provided by a green LED for fully charged battery while a set of red LEDs to indicate under charged, overloaded and deep discharge condition. Charge controller also uses MOSFET as power semiconductor switch to ensure cut off the load in low battery or overload condition. A transistor is used to bypass the solar energy to a dummy load while the battery gets fully charged. This protects the battery from getting over charged.

Further the project can be enhanced by using microcontroller and GSM modem to communicate the status of the system to a control room via SMS.

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AUTO SELECTION OF ANY AVAILABLE PHASE, IN 3 PHASE SUPPLY SYSTEM

The project is designed to provide uninterrupted AC mains supply i.e., 230 volt to a single phase load. This is achieved by automatic changeover of the load from the missing phase to the next available phase in a 3 phase system.

It is often noticed that power interruption in distribution system is about 70% for single phase faults while other two phases are in normal condition. Thus, in any commercial or domestic power supply system where 3 phase is available, it is advisable to have an automatic changeover system for uninterrupted power to critical loads in the event of missing phase.

In this system auto selection is achieved by using a set of relays interconnected in such a way that if one of the relay feeding to the load remains energized always. Under the phase failure condition the corresponding step down transformer secondary delivers zero voltage which is duly rectified to DC and then fed to the logic gates comprising of AND & OR to switch on the next relay that delivers the power to the load. It also has a provision of connecting to an inverter source which delivers uninterrupted power to the load incase all the 3 phases go missing. The project is supplied with three transformers connected to the 3 phases supply.

Further the project can be enhanced by incorporating power semiconductor devices such as thyristors/IGBTs for instantaneous changeover to the next available phase. This overcomes the drawback of the changeover time generally witnessed by relay switching operations.

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